Evidence & Artifacts

Stored verbatim excerpt

“It is more crucial than ever for people to have access to, and the skills to use, computers, tablets, smartphones, and the internet. There are a variety of reasons that the digital divide exists, from a lack of built infrastructure and income restrictions to a lack of education, information, and device availability. In a state as diverse as Maryland, these barriers are also compounded by a shortage of appropriate cultural and language services that make accessing services more …”

(Slivka, 2023, PDF p. 2)

Full source reference

Slivka, J. (2023, November 22). Closing the digital divide: Marylanders Online offers tech tools and support to thousands across the state. University of Maryland Extension. https://marylandersonline.umd.edu/about/updates/closing-digital-divide-marylanders-online-offers-tech-tools-and-support-thousands/

Source document

Closing the Digital Divide Marylanders Online Offers Tech Tools and Support to.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Slivka, 2023, PDF p. 2) · locator field: 2

Context / source role

Maryland / Digital navigators, devices, affordability, literacy, and inclusion · University of Maryland Extension digital-inclusion program report

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0008Affordability
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeAffordability and Cost
4. Contribution to the model

   The divide combines infrastructure, income, education, information, devices, and cultural or language services.

Used in: Phase 1 · Phase 6 · Gate · 1 · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“Communities that are known to be disproportionately affected by the digital divide include: ● Women and girls ● Children and youth ● Older people ● Urban and rural poor ● Marginalised or minority communities ● Persons with disabilities ● Indigenous communities and First Nations ● Refugees and persons on the move Understanding the digital divide There are many dimensions of the digital divide, which can vary from the physical to the psychological. The previous playbook, “Assessing the Digital Divide” identified six main types, though any city can display a combination of them.”

(UN-Habitat, 2021, PDF p. 17)

Full source reference

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). (2021). Addressing the digital divide: Taking action towards digital inclusion. UN-Habitat.

Source document

addressing_the_digital_divide.pdf

Locator as recorded

(UN-Habitat, 2021, PDF p. 17) · locator field: 17

Context / source role

Global / UN-Habitat / Digital Inclusion · United Nations playbook on digital inclusion, infrastructure, governance, community networks, and demand-side solutions

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0008Affordability
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeAffordability and Cost
4. Contribution to the model

   Population and context must be specified; exclusion has several dimensions.

Used in: Phase 1 · Phase 6 · Gate · 2

Stored verbatim excerpt

“THE DIGITAL INCLUSION PROGRAM MANUAL 45 Digital navigators are trusted guides who assist community members with ongoing, individualized support for accessing low-cost, affordable, and appropriate connectivity, devices, and digital skills. With on-demand services or through appointments, digital navigators support both urgent needs and long-term goals.”

(National Digital Inclusion Alliance, 2024, PDF p. 47)

Full source reference

National Digital Inclusion Alliance. (2024). The digital inclusion program manual: From the community doers who define the field for those who will do the work. https://www.digitalinclusion.org/

Source document

NDIA_The-Digital-Inclusion-Program_Manual_FNL(1).pdf

Locator as recorded

(National Digital Inclusion Alliance, 2024, PDF p. 47) · locator field: 47

Context / source role

United States / NDIA practitioner guidance · Comprehensive NDIA practitioner manual

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0121Community Digital Navigators
2. Recorded categorySolutions and Initiatives
3. Recorded themeDigital Navigators, Coaching, and Hands-On Support
4. Contribution to the model

   Ongoing, individualized support connects connectivity, devices, skills, urgent needs, and long-term goals.

Used in: Phase 3 · Phase 4 · Phase 5 · Phase 6 · Pre-gate · Gate · 4 · Phase 7 · Phase 8 · Across all phases · Across all phases · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“● Priorities: The plan’s key priorities for your community’s unique situation, for example: cost reduction, equitable internet connectivity, increased digital literacy for seniors or accessible devices for persons with disabilities. ● Goals, outcomes: The goals and outcomes expected to be achieved by the plan’s activities. This can include targets with measurable outcomes, such as a certain percentage of neighborhoods gaining access to broadband internet, or a percentage of a specific demographic receiving digital literacy training.”

(UN-Habitat, 2021, PDF p. 38)

Full source reference

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). (2021). Addressing the digital divide: Taking action towards digital inclusion. UN-Habitat.

Source document

addressing_the_digital_divide.pdf

Locator as recorded

(UN-Habitat, 2021, PDF p. 38) · locator field: 38

Context / source role

Global / UN-Habitat / Digital Inclusion · United Nations playbook on digital inclusion, infrastructure, governance, community networks, and demand-side solutions

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0129Community-Based Digital Literacy Training
2. Recorded categorySolutions and Initiatives
3. Recorded themeDigital Literacy, Education, and Workforce Development
4. Contribution to the model

   Community priorities and measurable goals connect local needs to a plan.

Used in: Phase 1 · Pre-gate · Gate · 2 · Gate · Outcomes · Phase 7 · Phase 8 · Phase 9 · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“The Digital Agency of Japan collaborates with private design firms to train government staff in user experience and user interface (UX/UI) design, accessibility, and user testing methodologies.”

(United Nations Development Programme, 2024, PDF p. 48)

Full source reference

United Nations Development Programme. (2024). Digital inclusion playbook 2.0: From access to empowerment in a dynamic world. UNDP Policy Centre.

Source document

42700031.pdf

Locator as recorded

(United Nations Development Programme, 2024, PDF p. 48) · locator field: 48

Context / source role

Global / UNDP · Global digital inclusion policy and practice playbook

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0136Complex Interface Design (UI/UX)
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeAccessibility, Language, Usability, and Cultural Fit
4. Contribution to the model

   Accessibility, user experience, and user testing require institutional capability.

Used in: Phase 5 · Gate · 4 · Across all phases · Across all phases · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“Current data on national broadband availability is provided by private telecommunications providers, collected by the FCC, and displayed on the FCC’s Fixed Broadband Deployment Map. Difficulty in accurately mapping broadband availability has been attributed to a number of factors, including the adequacy of census block data, the lack of independent data validation outside the FCC, and the absence of a challenge process for consumers and other entities that believe the Fixed Broadband Deployment Map may overstate availability in their area.”

(Congressional Research Service, 2020a, PDF p. 2)

Full source reference

Congressional Research Service. (2020a, March 13). COVID-19 and broadband: Potential implications for the digital divide (IN11239). https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN11239

Source document

IN11239.3.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Congressional Research Service, 2020a, PDF p. 2) · locator field: 2

Context / source role

United States / Congressional Research Service · CRS Insight on COVID-19, the homework gap, telework, telemedicine, and broadband mapping

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Moderate-strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0157Data Inaccuracy/Bad Mapping
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeMapping, Data Quality, and Measurement
4. Contribution to the model

   Availability data can be unreliable without granular data, validation, and challenge mechanisms.

Used in: Phase 1 · Phase 5 · Phase 6 · Gate · Outcomes · Phase 8 · Feedback · Reframing · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“However, concerns about the data privacy, security, and affordability of smart city applications are frequently highlighted, alongside an uneven distribution of these services across regions. The analysis suggests that the success of smart applications for city services hinges on both technical capabilities and local socio-economic and cultural contexts.”

(UN-Habitat, 2024, PDF p. 57)

Full source reference

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). (2024). World smart cities outlook 2024.

Source document

un_smart_city_outlook.pdf

Locator as recorded

(UN-Habitat, 2024, PDF p. 57) · locator field: 57

Context / source role

Global / Smart Cities · United Nations policy report on people-centred smart cities

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0160Data Protection and Privacy Laws
2. Recorded categoryLegislation and Policy
3. Recorded themePrivacy, Data Protection, Cybersecurity, and AI Governance
4. Contribution to the model

   Technical capabilities and local socioeconomic and cultural contexts jointly shape service success.

Used in: Phase 1 · Phase 4 · Feedback · Reframing

Stored verbatim excerpt

“ Many areas served by electric cooperatives are characterized by low population density causing broadband deployment costs per cooperative household to be so high that private carrier returns often cannot justify the costs of deployment.”

(Tucker et al., 2018, PDF p. 4)

Full source reference

Tucker, R., Goodenbery, J., & Loving, K. (2018). Unlocking the value of broadband for electric cooperative consumer-members. National Rural Electric Cooperative Association.

Source document

Unlocking-the-Value-of-Broadband-for-Co-op-Consumer-Members_Sept_2018(1).pdf

Locator as recorded

(Tucker et al., 2018, PDF p. 4) · locator field: 4

Context / source role

United States / Rural electric cooperatives · Rural electric cooperative broadband economic analysis

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0172Deployment Costs
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeInfrastructure, Coverage, and Reliability
4. Contribution to the model

   Low population density can make deployment commercially difficult.

Used in: Phase 4 · Phase 6 · Pre-gate · Gate · 3 · Gate · 6 · Across all phases · Across all phases · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“The centers also offer digital citizenship training to help residents learn about topics like internet safety, data security, and privacy.”

(e.Republic, 2021, PDF p. 2)

Full source reference

e.Republic. (2021). Finding pathways to close the digital divide [Issue brief presented by Amazon Web Services].

Source document

42700039.pdf

Locator as recorded

(e.Republic, 2021, PDF p. 2) · locator field: 2

Context / source role

United States / State and local government · State and local government digital equity issue brief

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Very strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0195Digital Citizenship Curricula
2. Recorded categorySolutions and Initiatives
3. Recorded themeDigital Literacy, Education, and Workforce Development
4. Contribution to the model

   Digital citizenship includes safety, data security, and privacy.

Used in: Gate · 5 · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“16. We consider such digital public goods and digital public infrastructure to be key drivers of inclusive digital transformation and innovation. We recognize the need to increase investment in their successful development with the participation of all stakeholders.”

(United Nations General Assembly, 2024, PDF p. 5)

Full source reference

United Nations General Assembly. (2024). Global Digital Compact (A/79/L.2). United Nations.

Source document

42700041.pdf

Locator as recorded

(United Nations General Assembly, 2024, PDF p. 5) · locator field: 5

Context / source role

Global / United Nations · Global intergovernmental digital policy compact

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Very strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0243Digital Public Infrastructure
2. Recorded categoryTechnologies and Infrastructure
3. Recorded themeDigital Government, Identity, and Public Infrastructure
4. Contribution to the model

   Infrastructure development calls for investment and stakeholder participation.

Used in: Phase 2 · Pre-gate · Across all phases · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“Digital Economy Mentorship and micro-financing for underrepresented communities Digital Public Infrastructure, e.g. identity and payment systems (in collaboration with private sector) Digital Society Assistive tools for persons with disabilities Platforms for policy feedback, consultation and co-creation *Examples for illustrative purpose POPULATION ARCHETYPES LEVERS WHOLE-OF-SOCIETY EFFORT Private Sector Public Sector People Sector”

(United Nations Development Programme, 2024, PDF p. 10)

Full source reference

United Nations Development Programme. (2024). Digital inclusion playbook 2.0: From access to empowerment in a dynamic world. UNDP Policy Centre.

Source document

42700031.pdf

Locator as recorded

(United Nations Development Programme, 2024, PDF p. 10) · locator field: 10

Context / source role

Global / UNDP · Global digital inclusion policy and practice playbook

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Very strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0243Digital Public Infrastructure
2. Recorded categoryTechnologies and Infrastructure
3. Recorded themeDigital Government, Identity, and Public Infrastructure
4. Contribution to the model

   The playbook lists consultation, policy feedback, co-creation, and whole-of-society participation as illustrative levers.

Used in: Phase 2 · Pre-gate · Phase 10 · Feedback · Internal

Stored verbatim excerpt

“● Create digital device recycling/refurbishing programs where digital devices used by city staff are refurbished and provided at low-cost or no-cost to residents”

(UN-Habitat, 2021, PDF p. 50)

Full source reference

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). (2021). Addressing the digital divide: Taking action towards digital inclusion. UN-Habitat.

Source document

addressing_the_digital_divide.pdf

Locator as recorded

(UN-Habitat, 2021, PDF p. 50) · locator field: 50

Context / source role

Global / UN-Habitat / Digital Inclusion · United Nations playbook on digital inclusion, infrastructure, governance, community networks, and demand-side solutions

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0286E-Waste and Sustainability
2. Recorded categoryLegislation and Policy
3. Recorded themeGeneral or Cross-Cutting Policy
4. Contribution to the model

   Device reuse creates a concrete lifecycle and affordability response.

Used in: Phase 5 · Pre-gate · Gate · 4 · Gate · 6

Stored verbatim excerpt

“Results indicated that measures of digital confidence were predicted by structural, behavioural, and psychologi- cal differences, such that women, older people, those on lower salaries, people with less digital access, and those with lower digital well-being, reported significantly less digital confidence. Furthermore, digital confidence significantly moderated the relationship between people’s experiences with everyday AI technologies and their general attitudes towards AI.”

(Bentley et al., 2024, PDF p. 1)

Full source reference

Bentley, S. V., Naughtin, C. K., McGrath, M. J., Irons, J. L., & Cooper, P. S. (2024). The digital divide in action: How experiences of digital technology shape future relationships with artificial intelligence. AI and Ethics, 4, 901-915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00452-3

Source document

The_digital_divide_in_action_how_experiences_of_di.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Bentley et al., 2024, PDF p. 1) · locator field: 1

Context / source role

Australia / AI and Digital Inclusion · Peer-reviewed empirical study of digital exclusion, confidence, demographics, and AI attitudes

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0291Fear/Resistance to Technology
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeDigital Literacy, Skills, and Confidence
4. Contribution to the model

   Confidence varies with structural, behavioral, and psychological conditions; its reported relationship with AI attitudes matters for readiness.

Used in: Phase 3 · Phase 6 · Gate · 2

Stored verbatim excerpt

“The Global Digital Compact is based on the principle that technology should benefit everyone. It includes the first truly universal agreement on the international governance of artificial intelligence. It commits Governments to establishing an independent international Scientific Panel on AI and initiating a global dialogue on its governance within the United Nations. The Global Digital Compact represents the first collective effort to reach agreed interoperability standards - essential for consistent measurement. And it supports networks and partnerships to build capacity on AI in developing countries.”

(Force for Good Initiative, 2025, PDF p. 4)

Full source reference

Force for Good Initiative. (2025). Technology as a force for good: Catalyzing new markets globally.

Source document

42700011.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Force for Good Initiative, 2025, PDF p. 4) · locator field: 4

Context / source role

Global / Policy and industry · Global technology, policy, and sustainable development report

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0325Global AI Governance
2. Recorded categoryLegislation and Policy
3. Recorded themePrivacy, Data Protection, Cybersecurity, and AI Governance
4. Contribution to the model

   The report connects interoperability standards, measurement, partnerships, and capacity.

Used in: Phase 5 · Gate · 4 · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“Some challenges are more prevalent in some functions than others. For instance, tax administration faces complex laws and rules around tax processes and data, whereas public procurement struggles with a lack of established rules around AI. Finally, the use of AI in functions such as public financial management is constrained by outdated legacy technology infrastructure unsuitable for AI development or use.”

(OECD, 2025, PDF p. 12)

Full source reference

OECD. (2025). Governing with artificial intelligence: The state of play and way forward in core government functions. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/795de142-en

Source document

795de142-en.pdf

Locator as recorded

(OECD, 2025, PDF p. 12) · locator field: 12

Context / source role

OECD / Digital Government · International policy report on AI in government

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0417Lack of Infrastructure/Topography
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeInfrastructure, Coverage, and Reliability
4. Contribution to the model

   Procurement rules and legacy infrastructure can constrain institutional use of AI.

Used in: Phase 4 · Phase 5 · Phase 6 · Gate · 3 · Gate · Outcomes · Across all phases · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“In return, the broadband provider brings its technical expertise, innovation, equipment, and capital investment into under- or unserved areas in the community. In the end, both partners share the risks and costs of broadband deployment.”28 The North Carolina Broadband Infrastructure Office offers several examples of potential public-private partnerships: For example, a city or county may offer a cost-sharing opportunity to broadband providers, in which the municipality contributes an agreed upon portion of the costs of broadband expansion to an under- or unserved region.”

(Congressional Research Service, 2020b, PDF p. 11)

Full source reference

Congressional Research Service. (2020b, April 6). State broadband initiatives: Selected state and local approaches as potential models for federal initiatives to address the digital divide (R46307). https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46307

Source document

R46307.2.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Congressional Research Service, 2020b, PDF p. 11) · locator field: 11

Context / source role

United States / Congressional Research Service · CRS report on state and local digital-divide interventions

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0570Public-Private Partnerships
2. Recorded categorySolutions and Initiatives
3. Recorded themePublic-Private Partnerships and Cross-Sector Coalitions
4. Contribution to the model

   Partners contribute different resources and share deployment costs and risks.

Used in: Phase 2 · Phase 4 · Pre-gate · Gate · 3 · Gate · Outcomes · Phase 7 · Across all phases · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“Some school districts across the nation have equipped school buses with routers or mobile hotspots to bring connectivity to unserved pop- ulations.44 Likewise, public libraries and other public institutions have opened their Wi-Fi networks to be accessible from parking lots in these facilities.45 Further, several schools provided laptops and tablets to students in 2020. Equipment provision is especially valuable in rural areas with- out adequate access and where families rely on mobile internet data plans to connect,which significantly …”

(Nazareno et al., 2022, PDF p. 9)

Full source reference

Nazareno, L., Zegura, E., & Liu, C. Y. (2022). Changes in mobile broadband infrastructure in Georgia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Information Policy, 12, 321-350. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.12.2022.0007

Source document

changes in mobile broadband.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Nazareno et al., 2022, PDF p. 9) · locator field: 9

Context / source role

Georgia (United States) / Mobile broadband infrastructure and rural equity · Peer-reviewed empirical study of LTE infrastructure during COVID-19

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0593Schools and School Districts
2. Recorded categoryOrganizations and Entities
3. Recorded themeEducational Institutions and Community Anchor Institutions
4. Contribution to the model

   Learning access extends beyond school buildings to transport, libraries, and home conditions.

Used in: Phase 3

Stored verbatim excerpt

“Establish structural and procedural arrangements to enhance the multilevel governance of smart city initiatives: municipal and national administration should revise their multilevel configurations and processes to foster knowledge and data sharing among public organizations, enhance the coordination of complementary policies and regulations, and promote long-term programs in support of people-centred smart city development.”

(UN-Habitat, 2024, PDF p. 80)

Full source reference

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). (2024). World smart cities outlook 2024.

Source document

un_smart_city_outlook.pdf

Locator as recorded

(UN-Habitat, 2024, PDF p. 80) · locator field: 80

Context / source role

Global / Smart Cities · United Nations policy report on people-centred smart cities

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0620Solution: Public-Private Partnerships
2. Recorded categorySolutions and Initiatives
3. Recorded themePublic-Private Partnerships and Cross-Sector Coalitions
4. Contribution to the model

   Coordination, procedural arrangements, data sharing, and long-term programs are explicit governance concerns.

Used in: Phase 2 · Gate · 6 · Phase 7 · Phase 8 · Phase 9 · Phase 10 · Feedback · Internal · Across all phases · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“And really the thing to keep in mind overall with the American Rescue Plan money is that the money is going to the states, and different states are coming up with different rules about how they will distribute it. And so it's important for community broadband advocates at the local level to really be engaged with their state broadband offices and policymakers around how these grant programs are being formed and what the deadlines are for submitting grants and what have you.”

(Institute for Local Self-Reliance & National Digital Inclusion Alliance, 2022, transcript ¶284)

Full source reference

Institute for Local Self-Reliance & National Digital Inclusion Alliance. (2022). Building for digital equity: Demystifying broadband policy and funding [Event transcript].

Source document

Building for Digital Equity , Demystifying Broadband Policy and Funding

Locator as recorded

(Institute for Local Self-Reliance & National Digital Inclusion Alliance, 2022, transcript ¶284) · locator field: 284

Context / source role

United States / Community broadband policy and federal funding · Practitioner training event on broadband policy and funding

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0629State Broadband Offices/Task Forces
2. Recorded categoryLegislation and Policy
3. Recorded themeDigital Equity Plans, Capacity Grants, and Inclusion Strategies
4. Contribution to the model

   Rules, grant-formation processes, deadlines, and local engagement influence what is feasible.

Used in: Phase 4 · Gate · 3 · Gate · Outcomes · Phase 7 · Across all phases · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“So, how does the state participate in the Digital Equity Act programs? Well, the first step is that the governor or the equivalence official in each state needs to select an administering entity to develop the state's digital equity plan and ultimately to administer the capacity grants that will be used to implement that plan.”

(National Telecommunications and Information Administration, n.d.-a, transcript ¶27)

Full source reference

National Telecommunications and Information Administration. (n.d.-a). Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act broadband programs: Public virtual listening session 5 [Listening session transcript].

Source document

IIJA Broadband Programs , Public Virtual Listening Session 5

Locator as recorded

(National Telecommunications and Information Administration, n.d.-a, transcript ¶27) · locator field: 27

Context / source role

United States / NTIA Digital Equity Act listening session · Federal broadband and Digital Equity Act listening-session transcript

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Moderate-strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0632State/Local Governments and Broadband Offices
2. Recorded categoryOrganizations and Entities
3. Recorded themeGovernment Agencies and Regulators
4. Contribution to the model

   An administering entity gives a concrete example of responsibility for planning and delivery.

Used in: Phase 2 · Gate · 3 · Phase 7 · Phase 8 · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“These could be legal, like current ISP contracts, physical, like a geographic location, emotional barriers, like skepticism and lack of trust, as well as socioeconomic and anything else distinctive to your community. Think about and engage with trusted institutions.”

(Institute for Local Self-Reliance & National Digital Inclusion Alliance, 2022, transcript ¶131)

Full source reference

Institute for Local Self-Reliance & National Digital Inclusion Alliance. (2022). Building for digital equity: Demystifying broadband policy and funding [Event transcript].

Source document

Building for Digital Equity , Demystifying Broadband Policy and Funding

Locator as recorded

(Institute for Local Self-Reliance & National Digital Inclusion Alliance, 2022, transcript ¶131) · locator field: 131

Context / source role

United States / Community broadband policy and federal funding · Practitioner training event on broadband policy and funding

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Moderate-strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0705Trust and Cultural Barriers
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeAccessibility, Language, Usability, and Cultural Fit
4. Contribution to the model

   Legal, physical, emotional, and socioeconomic barriers require local investigation and trusted institutions.

Used in: Phase 1 · Phase 2 · Phase 4 · Phase 6 · Across all phases · Across all phases · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“For residents with disabilities, there are often challenges when it comes to accessing government services. These challenges come in many forms. Barriers like lack of video captions, poor color contrast, lack of alt text for images, and complex navigation hinder digital inclusion efforts and maintain the digital divide.”

(PayIt, 2023, PDF p. 5)

Full source reference

PayIt. (2023). The trajectory of digital government and closing the digital divide.

Source document

42700022.pdf

Locator as recorded

(PayIt, 2023, PDF p. 5) · locator field: 5

Context / source role

United States / Digital government · Digital government accessibility and service-delivery report

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Very strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0735Web Accessibility Standards
2. Recorded categoryTechnologies and Infrastructure
3. Recorded themeEducation Technology, VR/AR, OER, Evaluation Online Rubrics, and Learning Platforms
4. Contribution to the model

   Specific design failures can obstruct access for people with disabilities.

Used in: Phase 1 · Phase 3 · Phase 5 · Gate · 2 · Gate · 5 · Across all phases · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“There is no such thing as risk-free AI adoption. Unlocking AI’s benefits requires mitigating its risks. Biased algorithms can result in adverse outcomes; AI misuse can infringe on or prevent the free exercise of human rights; insufficient transparency, explainability and public understanding of AI can erode accountability and cause public resistance; and the over-reliance on AI can widen digital divides and allow systemic errors to propagate, weakening citizen trust in government.”

(OECD, 2025, PDF p. 11)

Full source reference

OECD. (2025). Governing with artificial intelligence: The state of play and way forward in core government functions. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/795de142-en

Source document

795de142-en.pdf

Locator as recorded

(OECD, 2025, PDF p. 11) · locator field: 11

Context / source role

OECD / Digital Government · International policy report on AI in government

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0034Algorithmic and AI Bias
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeBias, Redlining, Discrimination, and Inequality
4. Contribution to the model

   Adoption can create adverse outcomes, rights risks, systemic errors, and distrust.

Used in: Phase 1 · Phase 4 · Phase 5 · Pre-gate · Gate · 5 · Gate · Outcomes · Phase 7 · Phase 9 · Phase 10 · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“This paper examines a large-scale randomized evaluation of the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) program in 531 Peruvian rural primary schools. We use administrative data on academic performance and grade progression over 10 years to estimate the long-run effects of increased computer access on (i) school performance over time and (ii) students’ educational trajectories. Following schools over time, we find no significant effects on academic performance but some evidence of negative effects on grade progression. Following students over time, we find no significant effects on…”

(Cueto et al., 2025, PDF p. 2)

Full source reference

Cueto, S., Beuermann, D. W., Cristia, J., Malamud, O., & Pardo, F. (2025). Laptops in the long run: Evidence from the One Laptop per Child program in rural Peru (NBER Working Paper No. 34495). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w34495

Source document

w34495.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Cueto et al., 2025, PDF p. 2) · locator field: 2

Context / source role

Peru / Education Technology / OLPC · Long-run randomized evaluation of One Laptop per Child in rural Peru

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0197Digital Devices
2. Recorded categoryTechnologies and Infrastructure
3. Recorded themeDevices, Hardware, Hotspots, and Assistive Technologies
4. Contribution to the model

   A long-run evaluation demonstrates why computer provision and educational outcomes must be assessed separately.

Used in: Phase 1 · Phase 3 · Phase 4 · Phase 5 · Pre-gate · Gate · 1 · Gate · Outcomes · Phase 7 · Phase 9 · Phase 10 · Feedback · Internal · Feedback · Reframing · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“In addition, the paper demonstrates the significance of the interagency collaboration between the government and non-governmental organizations and the corporate sector as regards their sustainability and scalability of ICT-based projects. Barriers of connectivity (cultural resistance and cost of digital tools) are also noted as a challenge in the paper and methods of addressing the barriers involving context-specific and inclusive strategies are proposed.”

(Kanvaria & Yadav, 2025, PDF p. 1)

Full source reference

Kanvaria, V. K., & Yadav, A. (2025). Bridging the rural-urban digital divide in education through ICT interventions. Scriptora International Journal of Research and Innovation, 1(1), 44-52.

Source document

Bridging_the_Rural-Urban_Digital_Divide_in_Educati.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Kanvaria & Yadav, 2025, PDF p. 1) · locator field: 1

Context / source role

India / Rural-Urban Education · Education study of rural-urban infrastructure, devices, teacher capacity, and ICT interventions

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0111Civil Society/NGOs
2. Recorded categoryOrganizations and Entities
3. Recorded themeNonprofits, Advocacy Groups, and Civil Society
4. Contribution to the model

   The source connects interagency collaboration with scalability, sustainability, and contextual strategies.

Used in: Gate · 6 · Phase 10

Stored verbatim excerpt

“4.3.2 Usability Language issue According to Ofusori (2021), challenges that are often overlooked in the South African education system include the language barrier, as English dominates the digital space even though it is not the native language of the locals, which prevents both learners and teachers from effectively engaging in digital transformation that meets global standards. In addition, software applications are developed according to Western models and sometimes do not consider local cultural characteristics.”

(Chomunorwa et al., 2023, PDF p. 7)

Full source reference

Chomunorwa, S., Mashonganyika, E. S., & Marevesa, A. (2023). Digital transformation and post-Covid-19 education in South Africa: A review of literature. South African Computer Journal, 35(1), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.18489/sacj.v35i1.1101

Source document

2024DD (32).pdf

Locator as recorded

(Chomunorwa et al., 2023, PDF p. 7) · locator field: 7

Context / source role

South Africa / Academic research · Peer-reviewed review of South African education digital transformation

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0073Barrier-CUL
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeAccessibility, Language, Usability, and Cultural Fit
4. Contribution to the model

   Language and cultural fit can limit learners and teachers despite the availability of software.

Used in: Phase 3 · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“(I) PRIORITY BROADBAND PROJECT.,The term ‘‘priority broadband project’’ means a project designed to, (i) provide broadband service that meets speed, latency, reliability, consistency in quality of service, and related criteria as the Assistant Secretary shall determine; and (ii) ensure that the network built by the project can easily scale speeds over time to, (I) meet the evolving connectivity needs of households and businesses; and (II) support the deployment of 5G, successor wireless technologies, and other advanced services.”

(U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce, 2026, PDF p. 91)

Full source reference

U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce. (2026). American Broadband Deployment Act of 2025 (H.R. Rep. No. 119-614, pt. 1). U.S. Government Publishing Office.

Source document

CRPT-119hrpt614.pdf

Locator as recorded

(U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce, 2026, PDF p. 91) · locator field: 91

Context / source role

United States / Congress · House committee report on nationwide broadband deployment and permitting

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB00025G and Wireless Technologies
2. Recorded categoryTechnologies and Infrastructure
3. Recorded themeMobile, Fixed Wireless, 5G/6G, and Spectrum
4. Contribution to the model

   A policy definition explicitly combines performance, service quality, and future scalability.

Used in: Phase 6 · Gate · 4 · Phase 8 · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

“Let me translate: teachers didn’t use the laptops because nobody bothered to properly train them, support them, or integrate the technology into actual pedagogy.”

(Vota, 2025, PDF p. 1)

Full source reference

Vota, W. (2025, December 18). OLPC’s predictable failure: EduTech lessons we keep refusing to learn. ICTworks. https://www.ictworks.org/olpc-predictable-failure/

Source document

OLPCs Predictable Failure Lessons We Keep Refusing to Learn - ICTworks.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Vota, 2025, PDF p. 1) · locator field: 1

Context / source role

Global / Education Technology / OLPC · Practitioner analysis of OLPC implementation and teacher/pedagogy limitations

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0659Teachers and Educators
2. Recorded categoryDemographics and People
3. Recorded themeWorkers, Entrepreneurs, Farmers, and Small Businesses
4. Contribution to the model

   This practitioner commentary interprets the OLPC case as a failure of training, support, and pedagogical integration.

Used in: Phase 3 · Phase 5 · Gate · 1

Stored verbatim excerpt

“Federal Agency Roles in Broadband Mapping The major federal agencies involved in broadband mapping are the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) in the Department of Commerce, and the FCC. Though the main responsibility for mapping broadband availability lies with the FCC, Congress has provided funding to NTIA to help augment the FCC’s data in identifying regions with insufficient broadband service. Additionally, the USDA manages multiple maps that depict eligibility for their federal broadband programs to help determine where to direct federal resources.”

(Congressional Research Service, 2021b, PDF p. 6)

Full source reference

Congressional Research Service. (2021b, May 19). Broadband data and mapping: Background and issues for the 117th Congress (R45962). https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45962

Source document

R45962.8.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Congressional Research Service, 2021b, PDF p. 6) · locator field: 6

Context / source role

United States / Congressional Research Service · CRS report on broadband data, mapping, and federal program targeting

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0295Federal Government Agencies
2. Recorded categoryOrganizations and Entities
3. Recorded themeGovernment Agencies and Regulators
4. Contribution to the model

   The CRS excerpt explicitly distinguishes agencies with primary mapping responsibility, augmenting data, and program-specific maps. It supports named data responsibilities; the local KPI ownership matrix is an operational application.

Used in: Phase 8

Stored verbatim excerpt

“The low-income individuals at or below 150% of the poverty level, individuals age 60 and older, so our elders, incarcerated individuals, other than those incarcerated in a federal facility, our veterans, individuals with disabilities, individuals with a language barrier, members of a racial or ethnic minority group, and, of course, my favorite, rural Alaskans. Alaska's digital equity plan will include a statewide vision for the digital equity, the digital equity framework and scorecard, plans for digital literacy innovation programs, proposed technology-related apprenticeships and other workforce opportunities, integration with the state's…”

(City and Borough of Juneau Assembly, 2023, transcript ¶14)

Full source reference

City and Borough of Juneau Assembly. (2023, March 6). Assembly Committee of the Whole work session [Work-session transcript].

Source document

March 6, 2023 Assembly Committee of the Whole Worksession

Locator as recorded

(City and Borough of Juneau Assembly, 2023, transcript ¶14) · locator field: 14

Context / source role

Alaska / State and local broadband and digital equity planning · Local government work session on Alaska broadband and digital equity

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Moderate-strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0206Digital Equity Plans/Bill of Rights
2. Recorded categoryLegislation and Policy
3. Recorded themeDigital Equity Plans, Capacity Grants, and Inclusion Strategies
4. Contribution to the model

   The Alaska planning transcript explicitly names a digital-equity framework and scorecard. The four perspectives in the application artifact are an analytical arrangement, not a claim that the transcript specifies that design.

Used in: Phase 9

Stored verbatim excerpt

“AI-driven disinformation campaigns and deepfakes could undermine trust in digital content by blurring the lines between truth and falsehood.”

(United Nations Development Programme, 2024, PDF p. 14)

Full source reference

United Nations Development Programme. (2024). Digital inclusion playbook 2.0: From access to empowerment in a dynamic world. UNDP Policy Centre.

Source document

42700031.pdf

Locator as recorded

(United Nations Development Programme, 2024, PDF p. 14) · locator field: 14

Context / source role

Global / UNDP · Global digital inclusion policy and practice playbook

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Moderate-strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0031AI and Deepfakes
2. Recorded categoryTechnologies and Infrastructure
3. Recorded themeArtificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Automation
4. Contribution to the model

   UNDP explicitly identifies AI-driven disinformation and deepfakes as risks to trust in digital content.

Used in: Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Contextual governance argument

“This paper argues that meaningful connectivity in Caribbean SIDS cannot be adequately addressed through separate sectoral policy frameworks. Spectrum policy, sustainable infrastructure development and cybersecurity resilience are interdependent dimensions of a single governance challenge.”

(Hamilton, 2026, PDF p. 3)

Full source reference

Hamilton, M. M. (2026, June). Building digital resilience in small island developing states. Intermedia, 54(2). International Institute of Communications. https://iicintermedia.org/vol-54-issue-2/building-digital-resilience-in-small-island-developing-states/

Source document

Building digital resilience in small island developing states Intermedia - The.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Hamilton, 2026, PDF p. 3) · locator field: 3

Context / source role

Caribbean / Small Island Developing States · Regulatory policy and digital-resilience analysis

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0148Cybersecurity and Data Protection
2. Recorded categoryTechnologies and Infrastructure
3. Recorded themeEducation Technology, VR/AR, OER, Evaluation Online Rubrics, and Learning Platforms
4. Contribution to the model

   Hamilton treats spectrum policy, sustainable infrastructure, and cybersecurity as interdependent governance concerns in Caribbean small-island settings. This supports integration, not a claim that all settings share the same risks.

Used in: Phase 1 · Phase 4 · Gate · 4 · Gate · 5 · Gate · 6 · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Conceptual framework and proposed responses

“For adequacy, solutions like AI-driven broadband performance monitoring, funding edge computing in remote regions, and treating broadband as a public utility can enhance internet speed and quality Acceptability tackles cultural and social barriers, including digital literacy gaps, language differences, and technophobia, which can be addressed through localized literacy programs and inclusive design practices.”

(Hollimon et al., 2025, PDF p. 1)

Full source reference

Hollimon, L. A., Taylor, K. V., Fiegenbaum, R., Carrasco, M., Garchitorena Gomez, L., Chung, D., & Seixas, A. A. (2025). Redefining and solving the digital divide and exclusion to improve healthcare: Going beyond access to include availability, adequacy, acceptability, and affordability. Frontiers in Digital Health, 7, 1508686. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1508686

Source document

42700036.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Hollimon et al., 2025, PDF p. 1) · locator field: 1

Context / source role

United States / Peer-reviewed health · Peer-reviewed digital health equity framework

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0091Broadband as a Public Utility
2. Recorded categoryLegislation and Policy
3. Recorded themeNet Neutrality, Open Internet, and Public Utility Models
4. Contribution to the model

   Hollimon and colleagues connect technical adequacy and performance monitoring with cultural, literacy, language, and design concerns. The excerpt proposes responses; it does not establish a tested causal effect for this model.

Used in: Phase 1 · Gate · 1 · Phase 8

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Comparative review of educational cases

“This is due to the languages used by the AI, cultural mismatches between the AI developers and users, and algorithm bias. We used a focused narrative and comparative review of case studies from countries with similar socio-economic statuses and that have a visible divide between urban and rural areas/regions. From the analysed case studies, we therefore argue that despite its benefits, AI also does lead to a digital divide, either intentionally or unintentionally, due to the above-mentioned reasons. We…”

(Matjie et al., 2026, PDF p. 1)

Full source reference

Matjie, M. A., Nethavhani, A., & Matlakala, M. (2026). AI and the digital divide in education. Frontiers in Computer Science, 8, 1759027. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2026.1759027

Source document

fcomp-8-1759027(1).pdf

Locator as recorded

(Matjie et al., 2026, PDF p. 1) · locator field: 1

Context / source role

Global / AI and Education · Peer-reviewed review of AI, algorithmic bias, language/cultural mismatch, teacher capacity, and educational equity

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0030AI and Algorithmic Bias
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeBias, Redlining, Discrimination, and Inequality
4. Contribution to the model

   The comparative review connects language, cultural mismatch, and algorithmic bias with educational exclusion. Its analysis is bounded to the reviewed cases.

Used in: Phase 3 · Gate · 5 · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Regional account of community connectivity

“These initiatives have evolved from purely community-owned networks to sophisticated hybrid models involving multiple stakeholders, often combining social enterprise principles with community empowerment.”

(Toquero et al., 2025, PDF p. 76)

Full source reference

Toquero, A. R., Padong, G., Falcutila, C., & Rey-Moreno, C. (2025). Understanding community-centred connectivity initiatives in Asia and the Pacific. Association for Progressive Communications.

Source document

cccis-in-asia_final.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Toquero et al., 2025, PDF p. 76) · locator field: 76

Context / source role

Asia and the Pacific / Community-centred connectivity · Regional community-connectivity research report

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0134Community-Owned Networks
2. Recorded categoryOrganizations and Entities
3. Recorded themeCommunity Networks, Cooperatives, and Municipal Providers
4. Contribution to the model

   The regional report describes hybrid community-connectivity models involving several stakeholders and social-enterprise/community principles. It adds a distinct organizational configuration.

Used in: Phase 2 · Phase 7 · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Municipal practitioner account

“And dedicated backbone staff support provided by the city and the library is still strongly supported by the community. While affordability is the primary issue, there are also many other interrelated issues influencing full digital adoption, things like trust in the internet provider, privacy and security concerns, and language barriers.”

(City of Portland, 2021, transcript ¶43)

Full source reference

City of Portland. (2021, January 26). City Council work session: Digital equity [Work session transcript].

Source document

Portland City Council Work Session , Digital Equity , January 26, 2021 (Transcript 4)

Locator as recorded

(City of Portland, 2021, transcript ¶43) · locator field: 43

Context / source role

Portland, Oregon / Municipal digital equity implementation · Municipal digital equity work-session transcript

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0066Barrier: Data Security and Privacy
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeTrust, Privacy, Security, and Online Harm
4. Contribution to the model

   A municipal work-session account identifies city/library support and interacting trust, security, language, and affordability concerns. It is a local practitioner account, not a general prevalence estimate.

Used in: Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Survey discussion and modeled scenarios

“Next, we explore the potential of expanding computer access to bridge the “digital divide.” Survey evidence in South Africa and other countries identifies the high cost or lack of equipment, such as computers, as a key barrier to using the Internet at home, rather than the price of subscribing to a broadband service alone.39 Equipping households with computers could be a costly endeavor; however, with the fast‐declining prices of computers, affordability is on the rise. In 2021, around 27% of the country's 18 million households reported owning a computer.40 Our simulations suggest that while increasing access to computers increases the…”

(Hawthorne & Grzybowski, 2025, PDF p. 22)

Full source reference

Hawthorne, R., & Grzybowski, L. (2025). Narrowing the “digital divide”: The role of fixed and mobile infrastructure. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 34, 799-829. https://doi.org/10.1111/jems.12622

Source document

Economics Manag Strategy - 2024 - Hawthorne - Narrowing the Digital Divide The Role of Fixed and Mobile Infrastructure.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Hawthorne & Grzybowski, 2025, PDF p. 22) · locator field: 22

Context / source role

South Africa · Peer-reviewed study of fixed and mobile broadband infrastructure

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0009Affordability and Cost Barriers
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeAffordability and Cost
4. Contribution to the model

   The excerpt distinguishes equipment affordability from subscription price and discusses simulations of computer access. Simulated changes must remain distinct from observed program effects.

Used in: Phase 6 · Gate · 1 · Phase 10

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Parliamentary research briefing

“When broadband providers decide where to build infrastructure, they are essentially making a commercial judgement on whether it is profitable. There are a range of potential factors that will impact that judgement. Rural and remote areas are typically more expensive to deliver broadband to. This is because the geography and terrain in many rural areas - such as long distances between properties and inaccessible areas - increase the cost of installing new cables. Additionally, low population densities reduce …”

(Hutton & Clark, 2022, PDF p. 9)

Full source reference

Hutton, G., & Clark, A. (2022, June 21). Gigabit-broadband: Funding for rural and hard to reach areas (Commons Library Research Briefing CBP 9207). House of Commons Library.

Source document

CBP-9207.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Hutton & Clark, 2022, PDF p. 9) · locator field: 9

Context / source role

United Kingdom / Project Gigabit, rural funding, vouchers, and hard-to-reach areas · House of Commons Library research briefing on rural gigabit funding

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0417Lack of Infrastructure/Topography
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeInfrastructure, Coverage, and Reliability
4. Contribution to the model

   The Commons briefing connects commercial deployment decisions with terrain, distance, and population density. It supports contextual feasibility analysis, without prescribing a universal investment threshold.

Used in: Phase 4 · Pre-gate · Gate · 3

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Policy and infrastructure requirement

“• 3.1. High-speed/capacity broadband networks and related equipment and software (i.e. fixed, wireless, and satellite/hybrid networks) to enable connectivity and distribute secure, ubiquitous and sustainable digital services essential to EU citizens and businesses.”

(European Commission, 2024, PDF p. 68)

Full source reference

European Commission. (2024). The future of European competitiveness: In-depth analysis and recommendations.

Source document

The future of European competitiveness_ In-depth analysis and recommendations_0.pdf

Locator as recorded

(European Commission, 2024, PDF p. 68) · locator field: 68

Context / source role

European Union · European competitiveness and digital-infrastructure policy report

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB00025G and Wireless Technologies
2. Recorded categoryTechnologies and Infrastructure
3. Recorded themeMobile, Fixed Wireless, 5G/6G, and Spectrum
4. Contribution to the model

   The Commission report states high-capacity fixed, wireless, and hybrid network requirements for secure, sustainable digital services. This is a policy and infrastructure requirement, not an achieved service result.

Used in: Phase 5 · Gate · 4

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Regional governance analysis

“As AI technology races ahead, governments and institutions worldwide are grappling with how to govern it. The quick, transformative adoption and cross-border nature of AI technology has required national governments, NGOs, and private sector actors around the world to collaborate on questions of AI governance, developing broad regulatory frameworks and practices to manage the risks associated with these unpredictable technologies. However, the rapid pace of AI development often outstrips the ability of regulatory bodies to keep up, while the global reach of AI deployment often challenges traditional notions of jurisdiction.”

(Alkhoudi et al., 2025, PDF p. 8)

Full source reference

Alkhoudi, S., Shaer, S., & Salem, F. (2025). Bridging the AI divide: Inclusive governance, innovation & competitiveness in the MENA region. Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Government.

Source document

MBRSG_Brdging_the_AI_Divide.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Alkhoudi et al., 2025, PDF p. 8) · locator field: 8

Context / source role

Middle East and North Africa (MENA) · Regional policy research on the AI divide

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0033AI Regulation/Global Governance
2. Recorded categoryLegislation and Policy
3. Recorded themePrivacy, Data Protection, Cybersecurity, and AI Governance
4. Contribution to the model

   The MENA governance report describes cross-sector coordination and jurisdictional/regulatory constraints around AI. These concerns support explicit roles and institutional context in AI-related applications.

Used in: Phase 2 · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Contextual support mechanisms and proposals

“Social networks within these hubs,such as volunteer-led exercise groups, peer mentoring, and intergenerational learning programs,can enhance engagement, with digitally literate youth assisting older adults in using fitness apps and wearable devices. Partnerships with local telecom providers could ensure sustained connectivity and affordable device access, following the sustainable integration principles demonstrated in global low-resource digital health initiatives (46).”

(Li & Chen, 2025, PDF p. 10)

Full source reference

Li, W., & Chen, Z. (2025). Bridging the urban-rural divide: Digital literacy as a catalyst for enhancing physical exercise participation in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1630850. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1630850

Source document

fpubh-13-1630850.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Li & Chen, 2025, PDF p. 10) · locator field: 10

Context / source role

China / Digital Literacy and Health Equity · Peer-reviewed study of digital literacy, rural disadvantage, and health equity in China

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0122Community IT Hubs
2. Recorded categorySolutions and Initiatives
3. Recorded themeLibraries, Schools, Hubs, and Anchor Institutions
4. Contribution to the model

   Li and Chen discuss peer/intergenerational support and propose telecom partnerships for sustained connectivity and device access. These are contextual mechanisms and recommendations, not validation of a model-wide amplifier effect.

Used in: Gate · 6 · Across all phases · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Review commitment and implementation caveat

“[...] Public ownership of the broadband network will help tackle the regional inequality in coverage caused by competition that has led to under-build in rural and remote communities, and over-build in profitable areas.66 Theresa May’s Government committed in 2018 to monitor progress under the FTIR on an annual basis and undertake a “full review” of the strategy’s impact after three years.67 To date there has not been a formal review of the FTIR published. Chief executive of the …”

(Hutton, 2022, PDF p. 22)

Full source reference

Hutton, G. (2022, February 25). Gigabit-broadband in the UK: Government targets and policy (Commons Library Research Briefing CBP 8392). House of Commons Library.

Source document

CBP-8392.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Hutton, 2022, PDF p. 22) · locator field: 22

Context / source role

United Kingdom / Gigabit broadband targets, competition, and policy reform · House of Commons Library research briefing on gigabit policy

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0315Geographic and Infrastructure Limitations
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeInfrastructure, Coverage, and Reliability
4. Contribution to the model

   The Commons briefing records annual monitoring and a planned three-year review while noting that a formal review had not been published at that point. It supports the distinction between a review commitment and documented evaluation.

Used in: Gate · Outcomes · Phase 8 · Phase 9 · Phase 10 · Feedback · Internal

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Field definition, citing the ALA

“Digital Literacy NDIA recommends the American Library Association’s definition of Digital Literacy via their Digital Literacy Taskforce: Digital Literacy is the ability to use information and communication technologies to find, evaluate, create, and communicate information, requiring both cognitive and technical skills.”

(National Digital Inclusion Alliance, 2022, PDF p. 2)

Full source reference

National Digital Inclusion Alliance. (2022). Definitions. https://www.digitalinclusion.org/definitions/

Source document

NDIA - Section_1_BTDD-the-newest-SDoH-1_Definitions-National-Digital-Inclusion-Alliance(1).pdf

Locator as recorded

(National Digital Inclusion Alliance, 2022, PDF p. 2) · locator field: 2

Context / source role

United States / NDIA field definitions · NDIA field definitions for digital inclusion and equity

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0217Digital Literacy and Skill Gaps
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeDigital Literacy, Skills, and Confidence
4. Contribution to the model

   NDIA reproduces a definition of digital literacy involving cognitive and technical skills. This provides a definitional basis for capability-related benefit, not a prevalence measure.

Used in: Gate · 2

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Systematic-review context and coverage

“Despite these gaps, there are signs showing the context- sensitivity of some ESE researchers: out of the 19 included papers, two studies (10.5%) focused on disadvantaged regions - such as rural areas - or addressed challenges related to the digital divide in the Global South, such as limited Internet access, tight financial budget, low digital literacy, undertrained teachers, and socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Two themes emerged from the analysis.”

(Qiu, 2025, PDF p. 17)

Full source reference

Qiu, Y. (2025). Techno-optimism in the face of the digital divide: A systematic review on using mobile technologies for children’s environmental learning in the Global South. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 46, 100786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2025.100786

Source document

1-s2.0-S2212868925000674-main.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Qiu, 2025, PDF p. 17) · locator field: 17

Context / source role

Global South / Environmental Education · Systematic review of mobile learning, structural digital inequality, community, and the Global South

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0015Affordability/Cost Barrier
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeAffordability and Cost
4. Contribution to the model

   Qiu reports limited attention to disadvantaged settings in a 19-paper review and identifies contextual constraints. This is a boundary and coverage finding, not evidence that every technology intervention fails.

Used in: Phase 3 · Feedback · Reframing

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Contextual dependency analysis

“In addressing access, researchers and policy analysts focus on ICT or information and communication technology, which refers to communication networks and the associated technologies. The “C” or communication aspect of ICT requires not only physical resources such as cables, satellites, and devices as well as software and an Internet provider, but adequate electricity. Lack of electricity is one reason that digital inequity in many rural areas around the world is exacerbated. In 2010, UNESCO and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) formed the Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development, a public-private partnership of…”

(Lohr, 2025, PDF p. 1)

Full source reference

Lohr, K. D. (2025). Digital literacy and access: Equity from a global and local perspective. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 2025, 39-43. https://doi.org/10.1002/ace.20559

Source document

New Dir Adult Contin Educ - 2025 - Lohr - Digital Literacy and Access Equity From a Global and Local Perspective.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Lohr, 2025, PDF p. 1) · locator field: 1

Context / source role

Global / Adult and Continuing Education · Peer-reviewed research on digital literacy and access equity

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0065Barrier- Geographic/Infrastructure Limitations
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeInfrastructure, Coverage, and Reliability
4. Contribution to the model

   Lohr identifies electricity alongside cables, satellites, devices, software, and an internet provider as conditions of practical access. The excerpt motivates dependency analysis in resource-constrained settings.

Used in: Phase 5 · Gate · 3 · Across all phases

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Action-plan priorities and alternatives

“• Connect 100% of broadband serviceable locations (homes and businesses) in Arkansas with access to reliable high-speed internet Expand broadband access to • Provide fiber technology to as many unserved and underserved locations as possible, with priority all unserved and underserved from lowest to highest cost-to-serve; evaluate alternative technologies for highest cost-to-serve locations in the state locations • Enhance broadband access at community anchor institutions (CAIs)”

(Arkansas State Broadband Office (ARConnect), 2023, PDF p. 5)

Full source reference

Arkansas State Broadband Office (ARConnect). (2023). Five-year action plan.

Source document

State Arkansas - ARConnect_5YAP_Final(4).pdf

Locator as recorded

(Arkansas State Broadband Office (ARConnect), 2023, PDF p. 5) · locator field: 5

Context / source role

Arkansas · State planning / implementation source

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Very strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

The codebook does not record a source URL for this excerpt; use the full reference and document name above.

1. Descriptive code · CB0116Community Anchor Institutions (CAIs)
2. Recorded categoryOrganizations and Entities
3. Recorded themeEducational Institutions and Community Anchor Institutions
4. Contribution to the model

   The Arkansas action plan prioritizes serviceable locations, considers cost-to-serve, and proposes evaluating alternatives in high-cost settings. These are planning intentions and comparison criteria.

Used in: Pre-gate · Gate · Outcomes

Stored verbatim excerpt

Use in this crosswalk: Reported adoption-barrier summary

“For those already aware of mobile internet, the top-reported barriers to adoption are affordability (primarily of handsets) and literacy & digital skills.”

(Kemp, 2025, PDF p. 57)

Full source reference

Kemp, S. (2025). Digital 2025: Global overview report. DataReportal, We Are Social, and Meltwater. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2025-global-overview-report

Source document

GDR-2025-v2.pdf

Locator as recorded

(Kemp, 2025, PDF p. 57) · locator field: 57

Context / source role

Global · Global digital adoption and connected-behaviour data report

Recorded codebook support

Recommended · Strong alignment to the descriptive code. This is existing codebook metadata, not an assessment of the model connection.

1. Descriptive code · CB0008Affordability
2. Recorded categoryBarriers and Challenges
3. Recorded themeAffordability and Cost
4. Contribution to the model

   The global overview reports affordability and literacy/skills as leading self-reported barriers among people already aware of mobile internet. The population boundary matters when using this for diagnosis.

Used in: Phase 6