:root{--ink:#08152f;--navy:#102451;--blue:#225ec8;--cyan:#24becb;--orange:#087f83;--gold:#d9a62e;--paper:#fbfaf6;--mist:#edf3f7;--cream:#f2ede2;--muted:#526078;--line:rgba(8,21,47,.16);--max:1240px;--shadow:0 20px 60px rgba(8,21,47,.14)}*{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-behavior:smooth}body{margin:0;background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);font:16px/1.65 Inter,ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",sans-serif}h1,h2,h3,h4,p{margin-top:0}h1,h2,h3{font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;line-height:1.07;letter-spacing:-.035em}h1{font-size:clamp(2.2rem,4.7vw,4.7rem);max-width:1000px}h2{font-size:clamp(1.55rem,3vw,3.15rem)}h3{font-size:clamp(1.35rem,2vw,2rem)}a{color:inherit}.wrap{max-width:var(--max);margin:auto}.site-header{height:76px;padding:0 4vw;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:30;background:rgba(251,250,246,.93);backdrop-filter:blur(18px);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.75rem;text-decoration:none;font-weight:800}.brand-mark{display:grid;place-items:center;width:39px;height:39px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--ink);color:white;font-size:.7rem}.site-header nav{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.9rem}.site-header nav a{text-decoration:none;font-weight:750;font-size:.83rem}.site-header nav a[aria-current=page]{color:var(--blue)}.search-open,.menu{border:1px solid var(--line);background:white;border-radius:99px;padding:.5rem .8rem;font-weight:750;cursor:pointer}.menu{display:none}.page-hero{padding:7rem 6vw 5rem;background:radial-gradient(circle at 88% 22%,rgba(36,190,203,.2),transparent 28%),linear-gradient(140deg,#fbfaf6,#edf4f6)}.page-hero .wrap{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.05fr .95fr;gap:4vw;align-items:center}.hero-visual{display:grid;gap:1.5rem}.hero-visual>img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;filter:drop-shadow(0 22px 30px rgba(8,21,47,.16))}.eyebrow{font:800 .73rem/1.4 Inter,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.16em;color:var(--blue);margin-bottom:1rem}.dek{font-size:clamp(1.15rem,1.8vw,1.45rem);color:var(--muted);max-width:760px}.page-meta{border-left:3px solid var(--orange);padding-left:1.3rem;color:var(--muted)}.section{padding:6rem 6vw}.section.dark{background:var(--ink);color:white}.section.mist{background:var(--mist)}.section.cream{background:var(--cream)}.section-head{display:grid;grid-template-columns:.75fr 1.25fr;gap:6vw;align-items:start;margin-bottom:3rem}.section-head p:last-child{color:var(--muted);font-size:1.08rem}.dark .section-head p:last-child{color:#c9d4ec}.button{display:inline-block;padding:.8rem 1.1rem;border:1px solid currentColor;border-radius:99px;text-decoration:none;font-weight:800;margin:.25rem .4rem .25rem 0}.button.primary{background:var(--ink);color:white;border-color:var(--ink)}.dark .button.primary{background:white;color:var(--ink)}.route-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:1px;background:var(--line);border:1px solid var(--line)}.route-card{background:var(--paper);padding:2rem;text-decoration:none;min-height:250px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;transition:.2s}.route-card:hover{transform:translateY(-5px);box-shadow:var(--shadow);position:relative;z-index:2}.route-card span{color:var(--orange);font-size:.76rem;font-weight:900;letter-spacing:.1em}.route-card p{color:var(--muted)}.route-card b{margin-top:auto;color:var(--blue)}.quote{font:clamp(2.2rem,4.5vw,4.8rem)/1.1 Georgia,serif;letter-spacing:-.04em;max-width:1100px;margin:0}.metrics{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);border:1px solid var(--line);margin-top:3rem}.metrics div{padding:2rem;border-right:1px solid var(--line)}.metrics div:last-child{border:0}.metrics strong{display:block;font:3rem/1 Georgia,serif;color:var(--blue)}.cards{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:1rem}.card{background:white;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:1.7rem}.card p{color:var(--muted)}.card .num{font:800 .75rem Inter,sans-serif;color:var(--orange)}.figure{margin:2.5rem 0;background:white;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:1.5rem}.figure img{display:block;width:100%;max-height:760px;object-fit:contain}.figure figcaption{font-size:.82rem;color:var(--muted);margin-top:1rem;text-align:center}.split{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:4vw;align-items:start}.pill-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.5rem}.pill-list span{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:99px;padding:.5rem .75rem;font-weight:700;font-size:.85rem}.timeline{border-left:2px solid var(--blue);margin-left:1rem}.timeline article{position:relative;padding:0 0 2.5rem 2rem}.timeline article:before{content:"";position:absolute;width:12px;height:12px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--orange);left:-7px;top:.35rem}.timeline h3{margin-bottom:.5rem}.timeline p{color:var(--muted)}.finding-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:1rem}.finding{padding:2rem;background:white;border-top:5px solid var(--blue)}.finding p{color:var(--muted)}.bar{height:8px;background:#dce4ed;margin:.6rem 0 1.2rem}.bar i{display:block;height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--blue),var(--cyan))}.model-nav{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(5,1fr);gap:.6rem}.model-nav a{text-decoration:none;border:1px solid var(--line);background:white;padding:1rem;min-height:125px}.model-nav span{display:block;color:var(--orange);font-weight:900}.phase{scroll-margin-top:95px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:.8fr 1.2fr;gap:4vw;padding:4rem 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);align-items:center}.phase:nth-child(even) .phase-copy{order:2}.phase img{width:100%;background:white;box-shadow:var(--shadow)}.phase .question{font:italic 1.15rem Georgia,serif;color:var(--blue)}.phase dl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:100px 1fr;gap:.7rem 1rem}.phase dt{text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.1em;font-size:.72rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--orange)}.phase dd{margin:0}.gate-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:1rem}.gate-test{background:white;padding:1.6rem;border-left:4px solid var(--orange)}.case-list{display:grid;gap:1rem}.case{display:grid;grid-template-columns:90px 1fr 1fr;gap:2rem;background:white;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:2rem;align-items:start}.case>span{font:2.4rem Georgia,serif;color:var(--blue)}.case h3{margin-bottom:.4rem}.case p{color:var(--muted)}.case .outcome{border-left:1px solid var(--line);padding-left:2rem}.toolkit{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:1rem}.tool{padding:2rem;background:var(--navy);color:white}.tool p{color:#cad5ea}.tool ol{padding-left:1.3rem}.chapter-map{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(5,1fr);gap:1rem}.chapter{background:white;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:1.5rem}.chapter b{color:var(--blue)}.search-dialog{width:min(780px,92vw);border:0;padding:0;box-shadow:var(--shadow)}.search-dialog::backdrop{background:rgba(3,10,25,.75)}.search-box{padding:1.5rem}.search-box input{width:100%;font-size:1.1rem;padding:1rem;border:1px solid var(--line)}.search-results a{display:block;padding:1rem;border-top:1px solid var(--line);text-decoration:none}.search-results small{display:block;color:var(--muted)}.close{position:absolute;right:1rem;top:1rem;border:0;background:var(--ink);color:white;padding:.4rem .7rem}.next{padding:4rem 6vw;background:var(--orange)}.next .wrap{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:2rem}.next h2{font-size:clamp(1.35rem,2.67vw,2.67rem);margin:0}footer{padding:2rem 6vw;background:var(--ink);color:#c9d4ec;font-size:.82rem}footer .wrap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between}.breadcrumb{font-size:.82rem;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:1.5rem}.breadcrumb a{text-decoration:none}.callout{padding:2rem;border:1px solid var(--line);background:white}.callout strong{color:var(--blue)}@media(max-width:950px){.site-header nav{display:none;position:absolute;top:76px;left:0;right:0;padding:1.4rem 5vw;background:var(--paper);flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start}.site-header nav.open{display:flex}.menu{display:block}.site-header .search-open{margin-left:auto;margin-right:.5rem}.page-hero .wrap,.section-head,.split,.phase{grid-template-columns:1fr}.phase:nth-child(even) .phase-copy{order:0}.route-grid,.cards{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.model-nav{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.case{grid-template-columns:60px 1fr}.case .outcome{grid-column:2;border-left:0;border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding:1rem 0 0}.chapter-map{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}}@media(max-width:600px){h1{font-size:2.2rem}.section,.page-hero{padding:4rem 6vw}.route-grid,.cards,.finding-grid,.gate-grid,.toolkit,.metrics{grid-template-columns:1fr}.metrics div{border-right:0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.case{grid-template-columns:1fr}.case .outcome{grid-column:1}.chapter-map{grid-template-columns:1fr}.next .wrap,footer .wrap{display:block}.next h2{margin-bottom:1rem}}
/* Author navigation */
.site-header nav .author-nav{margin-left:.35rem;padding-left:1.05rem;border-left:1px solid var(--line);display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.42rem}.site-header nav .author-nav svg{width:15px;height:15px;flex:0 0 auto;stroke:var(--gold)}
.site-header nav .nav-pipe{color:var(--line);font-weight:400;user-select:none}.site-header nav .app-nav{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.4rem}.site-header nav .app-nav svg{width:15px;height:15px;flex:0 0 auto;fill:none;stroke:var(--gold);stroke-width:1.8}
.divides-trigger{appearance:none;border:0;border-bottom:.08em solid currentColor;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;font:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;line-height:inherit;cursor:pointer}.divides-trigger:hover,.divides-trigger:focus-visible{color:var(--gold)}.divides-trigger:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--gold);outline-offset:.12em;border-radius:.08em}.divides-dialog{width:min(1440px,96vw);max-height:94vh;border:0;padding:0;background:#08162f;color:white;box-shadow:0 30px 90px rgba(0,0,0,.55);overflow:visible}.divides-dialog::backdrop{background:rgba(3,10,25,.82);backdrop-filter:blur(4px)}.divides-dialog-shell{position:relative;padding:3.25rem 1rem 1rem}.divides-dialog img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;max-height:calc(94vh - 4.25rem);object-fit:contain}.divides-dialog-close{position:absolute;right:1rem;top:.75rem;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.55);border-radius:99px;background:white;color:var(--ink);padding:.5rem .9rem;font-weight:800;cursor:pointer}.divides-dialog-close:hover,.divides-dialog-close:focus-visible{background:var(--gold);outline:2px solid white;outline-offset:2px}.visually-hidden{position:absolute!important;width:1px!important;height:1px!important;padding:0!important;margin:-1px!important;overflow:hidden!important;clip:rect(0,0,0,0)!important;white-space:nowrap!important;border:0!important}@media(max-width:600px){.divides-dialog{width:96vw}.divides-dialog-shell{padding:3.25rem .5rem .5rem}.divides-dialog img{min-height:54vh;object-fit:contain}}
.divides-dialog{overflow:auto}.divides-dialog-shell{padding:3.5rem 1.25rem 1.25rem}.divides-dialog-header{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) minmax(280px,1fr);gap:2rem;align-items:end;padding:0 .5rem 1.5rem;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.24)}.divides-dialog-header h2{margin:0;color:white;font-size:clamp(1.65rem,2.6vw,2.5rem)}.divides-dialog-header p{margin:0;color:#d7e4ff;font-size:1.05rem}.divides-history{list-style:none;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(6,minmax(170px,1fr));margin:2rem 0 0;padding:0;border-top:4px solid #4c75a9}.divides-history li{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-height:350px;padding:1.8rem 1rem 1rem;border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.1)}.divides-history li::before{content:"";position:absolute;top:-.78rem;left:1rem;width:16px;height:16px;border-radius:50%;background:#27bdca;border:3px solid #08162f}.divides-history li.current{background:#142b54;border-top:4px solid var(--gold);margin-top:-4px}.divides-history li.current::before{background:var(--gold)}.divides-history .era{color:#40d6e1;font-weight:900}.divides-history h3{margin:.85rem 0 .4rem;color:white;font-size:1.35rem;letter-spacing:-.02em}.divides-history p{color:#f4f7ff;line-height:1.45}.divides-history cite{margin-top:auto;color:#ffd04a;font-style:normal;font-size:.83rem;line-height:1.35}@media(max-width:1050px){.divides-dialog-header{grid-template-columns:1fr}.divides-history{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);border-top:0;gap:1rem}.divides-history li{min-height:0;border-top:4px solid #4c75a9;border-right:0}.divides-history li::before{top:-.78rem}.divides-history cite{margin-top:1rem}}@media(max-width:600px){.divides-dialog-shell{padding:3.75rem .75rem .75rem}.divides-history{grid-template-columns:1fr}.divides-dialog-header{gap:.75rem;padding-inline:0}.divides-history li{padding-inline:.85rem}}
.site-header nav a[aria-current="page"]{text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.045em}

/* Fiber cable cutaways separate the primary navigation, without extra spoken labels. */
.site-header #nav{gap:1.45rem}
.site-header #nav>a{position:relative;white-space:nowrap}
.site-header #nav>a~a::before{content:"";position:absolute;left:-1.12rem;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);width:12px;height:17px;background:url('/assets/nav-fiber-cutaway.svg') center/contain no-repeat;pointer-events:none}
.site-header #nav .nav-pipe{display:none}
.site-header #nav .author-nav{margin-left:0;padding-left:0;border-left:0}
@media(min-width:1351px){.site-header{padding-inline:2vw;gap:1.5rem}.site-header #nav{gap:1.45rem}.site-header #nav a{font-size:.76rem;letter-spacing:0}.site-header #nav a[aria-current=page]{text-transform:none;letter-spacing:0}}
@media(max-width:1350px){.site-header #nav{display:none;position:absolute;top:76px;left:0;right:0;padding:1.25rem 5vw;background:var(--paper);flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:.6rem;max-height:calc(100dvh - 76px);overflow-y:auto}.site-header #nav.open{display:flex}.site-header .menu{display:block}.site-header #nav>a{padding:.3rem 0 .3rem 1.5rem;font-size:.9rem}.site-header #nav>a~a::before{left:0;width:12px;height:17px}.site-header #nav .author-nav{padding-left:1.5rem}.site-header #nav>a:first-of-type{padding-left:1.5rem}}